Mount Kelud, East Java

Kelud is a volcano in East Java province, Indonesia, which is still active. The mountain is located on the border between Kediri and Blitar, about 27 km east of Karachi city center.

This mountain has erupted repeatedly, both large and small scale. Even the eruption has been started since the 15th century. Eruption that claimed at least 15,000 people.

This volcanic eruption in 1586 claimed the lives of more than 10,000 people. [1] A system to divert the lava flow has been made extensively in 1926 and still serves to this day after the eruption in 1919 claimed the lives of thousands of cold lava floods swept settlements population.

In the 20th century, Mount Kelut recorded eruption in 1901, 1919 (May 1 [2]), 1951, 1966, and 1990. In 2007 the mountain was again increased its activity. This pattern brings the vulcanologist 15 on an annual cycle for the eruption of this volcano.

This volcanic activity increased in late September 2007 and has been continued until November of that year, marked by increasing the temperature of the crater lake water, the increase in seismic tremor, and changes in the crater lake of a greenish color to white turbid. Status "alert" (highest) issued by the Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation since October 16, 2007 which implies the population within a radius of 10 km from the mountain (approximately 135,000 people) living on the slopes of the volcano to evacuate. However, the eruption did not occur.

Having had somewhat subsided, the activity of Mount Kelut back increase since October 30, 2007 with the rapid rise in water temperature volcanic crater lake and shallow seismicity. On 3 November 2007 at around 16:00 of the lake water temperature exceeds 74 degrees Celsius, well above the normal symptoms of the eruption of 40 degrees Celsius, causing the temperature gauge is broken. Vibration amplitude seismic tremor with large (over 35mm) lead supervisory personnel must evacuate, but again no eruption occurred.

Due to the high activity of the new terjdi unique phenomenon in the history of Kelut with the advent of white smoke from the middle of the lake followed by lava dome from the middle of the crater lake since 5 November 2007 and continues to "grow" up to 100m wide size. Experts consider this lava dome that obstruct the channel so that the magma eruption is not imminent. Energy for the eruption of the lava dome is used to drive the rest of the 1990 eruption.

Mount Krakatau (Krakatoa), West Java

Krakatoa is a volcanic island that is still active and located in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. This name was never pinned on a volcanic peak there (Mount Krakatau) which vanish because of eruptions themselves on 26-27 August 1883. The eruption was so powerful; hot clouds and the resulting tsunami killed about 36,000 people. Until before the date of December 26, 2004, this is a terdahsyat tsunami in the Indian Ocean region. Explosion sound was heard up in Alice Springs, Australia and the island of Rodrigues near Africa, 4653 miles. Yield is estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb that was detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II.

The eruption of Krakatoa caused global climate change. The world was dark for two and a half days due to volcanic ash that covered the atmosphere. The sun shines dim until next year. Scattering dust visible in the sky Norway to New York.

The explosion of Krakatoa is actually less than the eruption of Mount Toba and Tambora in Indonesia, Mount Tanpo in New Zealand and Mount Katmal in Alaska. However, the erupting mountains far in the human population is still very little. Meanwhile, when Krakatoa erupted, the human population is dense enough, science and technology has evolved, the telegraph was invented, and submarine cable has been installed. Thus it can be said that while information technology is growing and growing rapidly.

Due to the great explosion, three-quarters of the body were destroyed leaving Ancient Krakatoa caldera (large crater) in the Sunda Strait. The sides or edges of the crater known as Rakata Island, Long Island and Island Sertung, in another record called Pulau Rakata, Rakata Island and Small Island Sertung. The explosion was allegedly responsible for the occurrence of the dark ages of the earth. Bubonic plague occurs as the temperature cools. This plague has significantly reduced the number of people on earth.

The eruption is also considered to be contributing to the expiration of the glory of ancient Persia, the transmutation of the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire, the end of the civilization of South Arabia, the extinction of the Mayan city, Tikal and fall of civilizations in South America the Nazca enigmatic. Ancient Krakatoa explosion is expected to last for 10 days at an estimated speed of regurgitated mass reaches 1 million tons per second. The blast shield has formed a thick atmosphere of 20-150 meters, lowering the temperature of 5-10 degrees for 10-20 years.

On the day Monday, August 27, 1883, promptly at 10:20, an explosion on the mountain. By Simon Winchester, a geologist who graduated from the University of Oxford UK is also the author of National Geographic said that the explosion was the biggest, loudest and most devastating volcanic event in modern human history. Eruptions voice heard until 4600 km from the center of the eruption and can even be heard by a 1/8 of the population of the earth at that time.

According to researchers at the University of North Dakota, with the explosion of Krakatoa explosion of Tambora (1815) recorded a value of Volcanic explosivity index (VEI), the largest in modern history. The Guinness Book of Records noted the explosion of Krakatoa as the most powerful explosion in recorded history.

Krakatoa explosion had thrown stones, pumice and volcanic ash with a volume of 18 cubic kilometers. Bursts of dust vulkanisnya mencavai 80 km. Hard objects that flew into the air it falls on the plains of Java and Sumatra, even to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand.

The eruption destroyed Danan Mountain, Mount Rakata, and Mount Perbuwatan and some where a half cone is missing, create a basin-wide and 7 km deep as 250 meters. Waves reached as high as 40 meters destroying villages and whatever is on the coast. The tsunami was caused not only because of the eruption, but also the underwater landslide.

Recorded the death toll reached 36 417 people from 295 coastal villages from Merak (Attack) to cilamaya in Karachi, the Cape west coast of Banten to display on the island of Panaitan (Ujung Kulon and southern Sumatra. In Ujungkulon, incoming flood of up to 15 km to the west. next day until a few days later, residents of Jakarta and Lampung outback no longer see the sun. Tsunami waves generated even climbing up to the coast of Hawaii, Central America and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula seven thousand kilometers away.

Mount Merapi, Central Java

Merapi (peak height of 2968 m above sea level, per 2006) is a volcano in central Java and is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Slopes of the south side are in the administrative district of Sleman, Yogyakarta, and the rest are in the region of Central Java province, the Magelang district on the west side, Boyolali in the north and east, and Klaten district on the southeastern side. Forest area around the peak became Mount Merapi National Park area since 2004.

The mountain is very dangerous because, according to modern records have erupted (peak activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by very dense settlements. Since 1548, this volcano has erupted 68 times as much. City of Manila and the city of Yogyakarta is the nearest large town, is under 30 km from the summit. On the slopes there is still a settlement to a height of 1700 m and is just four kilometers from the summit. Because of its importance, the Merapi to be one of sixteen volcanoes of the world are included in the Decade Volcano projects (Decade Volcanoes).

Small eruptions occur every 2-3 years, and the larger about 10-15 years. Merapi eruptions recorded a big impact in the year 1006 (allegations), 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Eruption in 1006 made the whole central part of Java island shrouded in ash, based on observations of volcanic ash deposits. Dutch geologist van Bemmelen, theorized that the eruption caused the center of the Kingdom of Medang (Ancient Mataram) should be moved to East Java. Eruption in 1872 is considered as the most powerful eruption in modern geological record with VEI scale is approximately 3 to 4. Latest eruption, 2010, is expected also to have the strength or the same approach. The 1930 eruption, which destroyed thirteen villages and killed 1400 people, is the eruption of the biggest victims of the record until now.

The process of formation of Mount Merapi has been studied and published since 1989 and so on. [3] Berthomier, a French scholar, divided into four stages of development of Merapi. The first stage is the Pre-Merapi (to 400,000 years ago), namely Gunung Bibi parts can still be seen on the east side of the peak of Merapi. Stage occurs when the Old Merapi Merapi began to take shape, but not conical (60000-8000 years ago). Remnants of this stage is Turgo and Bukit Bukit Plawangan in the south, which is formed of basaltic lava. Next is the Middle Merapi (8000 - 2000 years ago), characterized by the formation of high peaks, like Mount Gajahmungkur and Batulawang, which is composed of andesite lava. During the formation process is characterized by lava flows, brecciation of lava and hot clouds. Merapi activity has to be effusive eruptions (molten) and explosive. Also predicted an explosive eruption with material debris left west of the horseshoe morphology with a length of 7 km, 1-2 km wide with a few hills on the western slope. Pasarbubar crater (or Pasarbubrah) thought to be formed at this time. Merapi peak current, peak Anyar, just beginning to form around 2000 years ago. During its development, is known to occur several times an explosive eruption with VEI 4 is based on observations tefra layer.

Characteristics of eruption since 1953 is the insistence of lava to the summit crater is accompanied by periodic lava dome collapse and pyroclastic formation (nuee ardente) which can slide on the slopes or vertically upwards. The eruption of Merapi type is generally not a sound but the hiss of the explosion. Top of the dome there until 2010 was the result of a gas explosion took place since 1969. 

Geologists in 2006 detected a giant space beneath Merapi containing material such as mud that is "significantly impede the vibration waves earthquakes". Scientists estimate that the magma material.  The bags are part of the magma that formed due to the formation of Indo-Australian Plate menghunjamnya under the Eurasian Plate.

Mount Semeru, East Java

Semeru or Mount Sumeru is the highest volcano in Java, with Mahameru peak, 3676 meters above sea level (masl). Crater at the summit of Mount Semeru known Jonggring Saloko. Semeru has a hill dipterocarp forest, dipterocarp forest Upper Montane forest, and forest Ericaceous or mountain forests. The position of this mountain lies between the administration and Lumajang Malang Regency, with its geographical position between 8 ° 06 'S and 120 ° 55' East Longitude.

In 1913 and 1946 Crater Jonggring Saloka have dome with a height of 3744.8 M until the end of November 1973. The south, the dome is to break the edge of the crater caused lava flow leads to the south including the Pronojiwo and Candipuro in Lumajang.

According to Javanese belief that ancient book written in Tantu performances from the 15th century, in ancient times the island of Java floating in a vast sea, tossed around and constantly shaking. The Gods decided to tack the island of Java by moving the Mount Meru in India to the island of Java.

Lord Vishnu transformed into a giant tortoise on his back holding the mountain, while Brahma was transformed into a long snake that wraps his body on the mountain and the mountain tortoise so it can be transported safely.

Gods of the mountain laid on top of the first part of the island they encountered, namely in the western part of Java Island. But the weight of the mountain that resulted in the eastern end of the island rose into the air. Then they move to the eastern part of Java island. When taken to the east of Mount Meru, Mount Meru, the scattered pieces create a line of mountains on the island of Java that extends from west to east. However, when the peak Meru moved to the east, the island of Java is still skewed, so the gods decided to cut some of the mountain and place it in the northwest. This fragment formed Pawitra Mountain, which is now known as Mount Pananggungan, and the main part of Mount Meru, the dwelling place of Lord Shiva, now known as Mount Sumeru. At Sang Hyang Shiva came to the island of Java millet saw many trees, so the island is called Java.

Geographical environment of the island of Java and Bali are matched with Hindu religious symbols. In Hinduism there is the belief of Mount Meru, Mount Meru is considered as the home where dwell the gods and as a means of liaison between the earth (human) and Heaven. Many Javanese and Balinese society today still regard the mountain as the abode of the Gods, Hyang, and spirits.

According to the Bali Mount Mahameru believed to be the father of Mount Agung in Bali and respected by the people of Bali. Ceremonial offerings to the gods of Mount Mahameru conducted by the Balinese. However ceremony conducted only once every 8-12 years at the time people just accept the magical voice of the gods of Mount Mahameru. In addition to the offering ceremonies that the Balinese people often come to the Cave Widodaren to receive the holy Tirta.

Mount Tambora, Sumbawa

Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. The mountain is located in two districts, namely District Dompu (some distance south to the northwest side, and Bima (south side of the slope to the northwest, and feet to the top of the east to the north), West Nusa Tenggara Province, on 8 ° 15 'S and 118 ° east. mountain is located in both the north and south sides of the oceanic crust. Tambora was formed by the subduction zone beneath. This increases the height of Tambora up to 4,300 m which makes this mountain was once one of the highest peak in archipelago and drain large magma chamber inside the mountain. It took centuries to refill the magma chamber.

This volcanic activity reached its peak in April 1815 when it erupted in a scale of seven on the Volcanic explosivity index. To the eruption's largest eruption since the eruption of Lake Taupo in the year 181. The explosion was heard up to the island of Sumatra (more than 2,000 km). Volcanic ash falls in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku. The explosion was caused by the death of no fewer than 71,000 people were killed by 11000-12000 direct result of the eruption. In fact, some researchers estimate that up to 92,000 people were killed, but this figure is questionable because based on estimates that are too high. Moreover, the eruption is causing global climate change. The next year (1816) is often referred to as the Year Without a Summer because of the drastic change of weather North America and Europe because of the dust produced from the eruption of Tambora this. Due to drastic climate change is a lot of crop failure and livestock deaths in the Northern Hemisphere which led to the worst famine in the 19th century.

The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 there are on a scale of 7. That means very destructive. Explosion of Tambora Sumbawa and making the area around it in the dark. Tens of thousands of people died in the eruption, tsunami, followed later, famine and disease. Strength of the eruption of Tambora was the largest ever recorded in history. Atmospheric vent burst of heat and climate change. There was no summer in 1816 in Europe and North America - 'the year without summer'. Tambora down into the ground a few thousand feet, leaving a large crater at the summit.

According to geological investigation, a high volcanic cone was formed before the eruption in 1815 with similar characteristics to the shape of the hole reached 60 stratovolcano. The hole often emits lava flowing down regularly with a swift to steep slopes.

Since the eruption in 1815, at the very bottom there are deposits of lava and pyroclastic material. Approximately 40% of the layer is represented by 1-4 m of lava flows produced by the thin fragmentation. Scoria thin lava flows. At the top, covered by lava scoria, tuff and pyroclastic rocks that flow into down. In Mount Tambora, there are 20 craters. Some craters have a name, for example Tahe (877 m), Molo (602 m), Kadiendinae, the Dome (1648 m) and Doro Api Toi. The crater is also producing basalt lava flows.