Merapi (peak height of 2968 m above sea level, per 2006) is a volcano in central Java and is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Slopes of the south side are in the administrative district of Sleman, Yogyakarta, and the rest are in the region of Central Java province, the Magelang district on the west side, Boyolali in the north and east, and Klaten district on the southeastern side. Forest area around the peak became Mount Merapi National Park area since 2004.
The mountain is very dangerous because, according to modern records have erupted (peak activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by very dense settlements. Since 1548, this volcano has erupted 68 times as much. City of Manila and the city of Yogyakarta is the nearest large town, is under 30 km from the summit. On the slopes there is still a settlement to a height of 1700 m and is just four kilometers from the summit. Because of its importance, the Merapi to be one of sixteen volcanoes of the world are included in the Decade Volcano projects (Decade Volcanoes).
Small eruptions occur every 2-3 years, and the larger about 10-15 years. Merapi eruptions recorded a big impact in the year 1006 (allegations), 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Eruption in 1006 made the whole central part of Java island shrouded in ash, based on observations of volcanic ash deposits. Dutch geologist van Bemmelen, theorized that the eruption caused the center of the Kingdom of Medang (Ancient Mataram) should be moved to East Java. Eruption in 1872 is considered as the most powerful eruption in modern geological record with VEI scale is approximately 3 to 4. Latest eruption, 2010, is expected also to have the strength or the same approach. The 1930 eruption, which destroyed thirteen villages and killed 1400 people, is the eruption of the biggest victims of the record until now.
The process of formation of Mount Merapi has been studied and published since 1989 and so on. [3] Berthomier, a French scholar, divided into four stages of development of Merapi. The first stage is the Pre-Merapi (to 400,000 years ago), namely Gunung Bibi parts can still be seen on the east side of the peak of Merapi. Stage occurs when the Old Merapi Merapi began to take shape, but not conical (60000-8000 years ago). Remnants of this stage is Turgo and Bukit Bukit Plawangan in the south, which is formed of basaltic lava. Next is the Middle Merapi (8000 - 2000 years ago), characterized by the formation of high peaks, like Mount Gajahmungkur and Batulawang, which is composed of andesite lava. During the formation process is characterized by lava flows, brecciation of lava and hot clouds. Merapi activity has to be effusive eruptions (molten) and explosive. Also predicted an explosive eruption with material debris left west of the horseshoe morphology with a length of 7 km, 1-2 km wide with a few hills on the western slope. Pasarbubar crater (or Pasarbubrah) thought to be formed at this time. Merapi peak current, peak Anyar, just beginning to form around 2000 years ago. During its development, is known to occur several times an explosive eruption with VEI 4 is based on observations tefra layer.
Characteristics of eruption since 1953 is the insistence of lava to the summit crater is accompanied by periodic lava dome collapse and pyroclastic formation (nuee ardente) which can slide on the slopes or vertically upwards. The eruption of Merapi type is generally not a sound but the hiss of the explosion. Top of the dome there until 2010 was the result of a gas explosion took place since 1969.
The mountain is very dangerous because, according to modern records have erupted (peak activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by very dense settlements. Since 1548, this volcano has erupted 68 times as much. City of Manila and the city of Yogyakarta is the nearest large town, is under 30 km from the summit. On the slopes there is still a settlement to a height of 1700 m and is just four kilometers from the summit. Because of its importance, the Merapi to be one of sixteen volcanoes of the world are included in the Decade Volcano projects (Decade Volcanoes).
Small eruptions occur every 2-3 years, and the larger about 10-15 years. Merapi eruptions recorded a big impact in the year 1006 (allegations), 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Eruption in 1006 made the whole central part of Java island shrouded in ash, based on observations of volcanic ash deposits. Dutch geologist van Bemmelen, theorized that the eruption caused the center of the Kingdom of Medang (Ancient Mataram) should be moved to East Java. Eruption in 1872 is considered as the most powerful eruption in modern geological record with VEI scale is approximately 3 to 4. Latest eruption, 2010, is expected also to have the strength or the same approach. The 1930 eruption, which destroyed thirteen villages and killed 1400 people, is the eruption of the biggest victims of the record until now.
The process of formation of Mount Merapi has been studied and published since 1989 and so on. [3] Berthomier, a French scholar, divided into four stages of development of Merapi. The first stage is the Pre-Merapi (to 400,000 years ago), namely Gunung Bibi parts can still be seen on the east side of the peak of Merapi. Stage occurs when the Old Merapi Merapi began to take shape, but not conical (60000-8000 years ago). Remnants of this stage is Turgo and Bukit Bukit Plawangan in the south, which is formed of basaltic lava. Next is the Middle Merapi (8000 - 2000 years ago), characterized by the formation of high peaks, like Mount Gajahmungkur and Batulawang, which is composed of andesite lava. During the formation process is characterized by lava flows, brecciation of lava and hot clouds. Merapi activity has to be effusive eruptions (molten) and explosive. Also predicted an explosive eruption with material debris left west of the horseshoe morphology with a length of 7 km, 1-2 km wide with a few hills on the western slope. Pasarbubar crater (or Pasarbubrah) thought to be formed at this time. Merapi peak current, peak Anyar, just beginning to form around 2000 years ago. During its development, is known to occur several times an explosive eruption with VEI 4 is based on observations tefra layer.
Characteristics of eruption since 1953 is the insistence of lava to the summit crater is accompanied by periodic lava dome collapse and pyroclastic formation (nuee ardente) which can slide on the slopes or vertically upwards. The eruption of Merapi type is generally not a sound but the hiss of the explosion. Top of the dome there until 2010 was the result of a gas explosion took place since 1969.
Geologists in 2006 detected a giant space beneath Merapi containing material such as mud that is "significantly impede the vibration waves earthquakes". Scientists estimate that the magma material. The bags are part of the magma that formed due to the formation of Indo-Australian Plate menghunjamnya under the Eurasian Plate.
