Mount Semeru, East Java

Semeru or Mount Sumeru is the highest volcano in Java, with Mahameru peak, 3676 meters above sea level (masl). Crater at the summit of Mount Semeru known Jonggring Saloko. Semeru has a hill dipterocarp forest, dipterocarp forest Upper Montane forest, and forest Ericaceous or mountain forests. The position of this mountain lies between the administration and Lumajang Malang Regency, with its geographical position between 8 ° 06 'S and 120 ° 55' East Longitude.

In 1913 and 1946 Crater Jonggring Saloka have dome with a height of 3744.8 M until the end of November 1973. The south, the dome is to break the edge of the crater caused lava flow leads to the south including the Pronojiwo and Candipuro in Lumajang.

According to Javanese belief that ancient book written in Tantu performances from the 15th century, in ancient times the island of Java floating in a vast sea, tossed around and constantly shaking. The Gods decided to tack the island of Java by moving the Mount Meru in India to the island of Java.

Lord Vishnu transformed into a giant tortoise on his back holding the mountain, while Brahma was transformed into a long snake that wraps his body on the mountain and the mountain tortoise so it can be transported safely.

Gods of the mountain laid on top of the first part of the island they encountered, namely in the western part of Java Island. But the weight of the mountain that resulted in the eastern end of the island rose into the air. Then they move to the eastern part of Java island. When taken to the east of Mount Meru, Mount Meru, the scattered pieces create a line of mountains on the island of Java that extends from west to east. However, when the peak Meru moved to the east, the island of Java is still skewed, so the gods decided to cut some of the mountain and place it in the northwest. This fragment formed Pawitra Mountain, which is now known as Mount Pananggungan, and the main part of Mount Meru, the dwelling place of Lord Shiva, now known as Mount Sumeru. At Sang Hyang Shiva came to the island of Java millet saw many trees, so the island is called Java.

Geographical environment of the island of Java and Bali are matched with Hindu religious symbols. In Hinduism there is the belief of Mount Meru, Mount Meru is considered as the home where dwell the gods and as a means of liaison between the earth (human) and Heaven. Many Javanese and Balinese society today still regard the mountain as the abode of the Gods, Hyang, and spirits.

According to the Bali Mount Mahameru believed to be the father of Mount Agung in Bali and respected by the people of Bali. Ceremonial offerings to the gods of Mount Mahameru conducted by the Balinese. However ceremony conducted only once every 8-12 years at the time people just accept the magical voice of the gods of Mount Mahameru. In addition to the offering ceremonies that the Balinese people often come to the Cave Widodaren to receive the holy Tirta.

Mount Tambora, Sumbawa

Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. The mountain is located in two districts, namely District Dompu (some distance south to the northwest side, and Bima (south side of the slope to the northwest, and feet to the top of the east to the north), West Nusa Tenggara Province, on 8 ° 15 'S and 118 ° east. mountain is located in both the north and south sides of the oceanic crust. Tambora was formed by the subduction zone beneath. This increases the height of Tambora up to 4,300 m which makes this mountain was once one of the highest peak in archipelago and drain large magma chamber inside the mountain. It took centuries to refill the magma chamber.

This volcanic activity reached its peak in April 1815 when it erupted in a scale of seven on the Volcanic explosivity index. To the eruption's largest eruption since the eruption of Lake Taupo in the year 181. The explosion was heard up to the island of Sumatra (more than 2,000 km). Volcanic ash falls in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku. The explosion was caused by the death of no fewer than 71,000 people were killed by 11000-12000 direct result of the eruption. In fact, some researchers estimate that up to 92,000 people were killed, but this figure is questionable because based on estimates that are too high. Moreover, the eruption is causing global climate change. The next year (1816) is often referred to as the Year Without a Summer because of the drastic change of weather North America and Europe because of the dust produced from the eruption of Tambora this. Due to drastic climate change is a lot of crop failure and livestock deaths in the Northern Hemisphere which led to the worst famine in the 19th century.

The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 there are on a scale of 7. That means very destructive. Explosion of Tambora Sumbawa and making the area around it in the dark. Tens of thousands of people died in the eruption, tsunami, followed later, famine and disease. Strength of the eruption of Tambora was the largest ever recorded in history. Atmospheric vent burst of heat and climate change. There was no summer in 1816 in Europe and North America - 'the year without summer'. Tambora down into the ground a few thousand feet, leaving a large crater at the summit.

According to geological investigation, a high volcanic cone was formed before the eruption in 1815 with similar characteristics to the shape of the hole reached 60 stratovolcano. The hole often emits lava flowing down regularly with a swift to steep slopes.

Since the eruption in 1815, at the very bottom there are deposits of lava and pyroclastic material. Approximately 40% of the layer is represented by 1-4 m of lava flows produced by the thin fragmentation. Scoria thin lava flows. At the top, covered by lava scoria, tuff and pyroclastic rocks that flow into down. In Mount Tambora, there are 20 craters. Some craters have a name, for example Tahe (877 m), Molo (602 m), Kadiendinae, the Dome (1648 m) and Doro Api Toi. The crater is also producing basalt lava flows.